句子的種類
1．英語中按使用目的或功用分為四類：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句。
A．陳述句。
○1 陳述句說明一個事實或陳述一個人的看法。陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句兩種。
a．陳述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b．陳述句的否定形式。
（1）謂語動詞是系動詞be, 助動詞have, will, shall, be或情態動詞，只須在其后面加not構成否定句。
She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping .
（2）若謂語動詞是實義動詞，在實義動詞前加上do not，第三人稱單數現在時用does not，過去時用did not。
He didn’t send me an invitation .
（3）由具有否定含義的詞never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等構成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑問句。
○1 疑問句提出問題。英語中有四種疑問句：一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。
a．一般疑問句：以一個助動詞、情態動詞、動詞be或have開始，語調為升調，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑問句。
（1）一般疑問句的基本結構：
Be動詞(is, am, are, was, were)+主語+表語…？
Have動詞(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主語+賓語…？
情態動詞(can, may, must等)+主語+行為動詞或be…?
助動詞(do, does, did)+主語+行為動詞…？
助動詞(shall, will, have, has)+主語+行為動詞…？
（2）否定形式的疑問句，通常把助動詞與not縮寫，放在句首。構成回答：
Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(對，我不是)
b．特殊疑問句：以疑問代詞who, what, whom, whose, which或疑問副詞when, where, why, how開頭。
（1）如果疑問詞在句中作主語或其修飾主語時，其語序如陳述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
（2）如果疑問詞在句中不作主語或其修飾主語，用“疑問詞＋一般疑問句”形式。Where have you been ?
c．選擇疑問句：提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，供回答者選擇，并由or連用，但不能用Yes或no 來回答。
（1）疑問句＋選擇成分1＋or＋選擇成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
（2）特殊問句＋選擇答案1＋or＋選擇答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
d．反意疑問句：陳述部分＋提問部分。
（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人稱、數和時態要一致，疑問部分要用代詞。◎事實回答用Yes, 非事實回答用No . ◎前陳述句用降調，后問句用升調；如對前陳述句內容有把握，后問句也可用降調?！蛉绻懊骊愂鼍渲杏蟹穸ㄔ~：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑問句應該用肯定式。
（2）陳述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone時，附加疑問句需分別用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?
（3）陳述句部分是復合句時，提問部分的主語和助動詞要與主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?
（4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+賓語從句”中，當主語是第一人稱時，附加疑問句的主語和謂語應與后面賓語從句相一致；但若主語不是第一人稱時，則附加問句與前面主句一致。
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?
（5）在含有情態動詞must 的句子中，若must 表示推測，提問用must后面的動詞。若must表示有必要時，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止時，提問用must。
He must be tired, isn’t he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？ You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?
（6）陳述句部分為祈使句，疑問部分常用will you(表請求)。注：let’s 用shall we（包括說話人），let us 用will you（不包括說話人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示請求、命令、勸告、建議等。（省主語，動詞用原形）
（1）let + 第一人稱，第三人稱＋（not）動詞原形。Let me try again .
（2）動詞原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
（3）Don’t (never)+動詞原形＋其他成分。Don’t look out of the window .
（4）Do+動詞原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f．感嘆句：表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情，句尾用“！”。What 修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞、副詞。
（1） How ＋ 形容詞 / 副詞。
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ??? ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !
◎ How ＋ 副詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ??? ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ a / an + 名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ??? ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + 名詞。
◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數名詞單數＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ??? ！ What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數名詞復數 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋???！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 不可數名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ??? ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
句子類型
1．從結構上看，英語的句子可分為三種類型：簡單句、并列句和復合句。
2．簡單句：由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）構成的句子叫做簡單句。簡單句有六種句型：
型號 句型 例 子
1 主語＋不及物動詞（＋狀語） The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .
2 主語＋連系動詞＋表語 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .
3 主語＋及物動詞＋賓語 You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .
4 主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.
5 主語＋及物動詞＋賓語＋賓語補足語 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .
6 There +be+主語＋狀語 There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year .
3．并列句：由并列連詞把兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成的句子。常用的并列連詞有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的結構：簡單句＋并列詞＋簡單。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .
She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .
4．復合句：由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫做復合句。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個成分，不能獨立。從句可以擔任復合句的主語（主語從句）、表語（表語從句）、賓語（賓語從句）、定語（定語從句）、狀語（狀語從句）。中學階段主要學習含有狀語從句、賓語從句、定語從句的復合句。
A．狀語從句：在復合句中修飾主句中的動詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句根據它表示的意思的不同可分為時間、地點、原因、結果、讓步、比較（或方式）和條件等類。
○1 時間狀語從句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等連詞引導。
主 句 從 句 例 子
一般將來時 一般現在時 I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .
帶有情態動詞 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .
祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .
過去時的某種時態 過去時的某種時態 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .
I was reading a book while he was singing a song .
○2 條件狀語從句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引導。（注：在條件狀語從句的將來時態要用現在時和過去時，表示相應的將來時）。
I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .
○3 原因狀語從句：由because（因為）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因為）等引導。
He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .
○4 目的狀語從句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引導。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情態動詞。
He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .
○5 結果狀語從句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。
The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .
○6 比較狀語從句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the（＋比較級）…the（＋比較級）等引導。
Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .
○7 地點狀語從句：由where 和wherever等引導。地點狀語從句位于句首時，常用逗號與主句隔開；位于句末時則不用逗號。
He follows her wherever she goes .
○8 方式狀語從句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引導的從句的時態要用過去時（虛語語氣）。
Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .
○9 讓步狀語從句：由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引導。
Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .
B．賓語從句：由一個句子充當賓語，我們稱之為賓語從句。（賓語從句的語序永遠是陳述語序）
○1 賓語從句的連詞。
a． 如果賓語從句是從陳述句變化而來的，要用連詞that來引導，that可以省略。
b． 如果賓語從句是從一般疑問句變化而來的，要用連詞if或whether .
c． 如果賓語從句是從特殊疑問句變化而來的，連詞就應該用特殊疑問詞（what, when, where…）。
○2 賓語從句的時態：
主 句 從 句 例 子
任何一種時態 一般現在時（表示真理、科學原理、自然現象） The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.
一般現在時 任何一種時態 I hear that he will come back next week.
一般將來時 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .
一般過去時 過去時的某種時態 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .
○3 賓語從句的人稱：人稱代詞要隨合理的邏輯而自然變化。
She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before .
○4 when 和if 在引導賓語從句和狀語從句中，后面的時態有差別。
I don’t know when (何時)she will be back（賓語從句）, but when(當…時候) she comes back, I’ll let you know（狀語從句） .
I don’t know if(是否) she will come back（賓語從句）, but if (如果)s 共有4條文章 頁次：3/4 分頁： 9 7 1 2 3 4 8 :
he comes back, I’ll let you know （狀語從句） .
C．定語從句：在復合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句，被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導從句的關系代詞有：who(人，主格), whom(人，賓客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引導從句的關系副詞有：where(地點), when(時間), why(原因)。
The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .
主句/先行詞 從 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行詞 從 句 主 句 / 先行詞 從 句
○1 從句的謂語動詞和先行詞的關系。
a． 主謂關系：He asked the man(作從句主語) who/that was smoking .
b． 動賓關系：The noodles(作從句賓語) that/which I cooked were delicious .
○2 只能用that 的情況：
a． 先行詞為all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修飾。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .
b． 先行詞被序數詞修飾。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .
c． 先行詞同時有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .
d． 先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代詞。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .
e． 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾。 That is the best book that I have read .
f． 先行詞被the very, the only, the same修飾。 It is the very book that I am looking for .
g． 先行詞是主句的表語或關系代詞在定語從句中作表語。Chinais no longer the country that it used to be .
h． 先行詞是指示代詞that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?
i． 主句以who / which開頭，定語從句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made inChina?
○3 只能用which的情況：
a． 關系代詞前有介詞。 This is the house in which we lived last year .
b． 先行詞本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
c． 非限制性定語從句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .
○4 定語從句在句中作定語，所以在使用時，相當于現在分詞短語，過去分詞短語，動詞不定式短語，介詞短語作后置定語的句子。
a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .
b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .
c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .
d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .
e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .
○5 引導詞when, where和why可用相應的表示時間（in, on, at, during等）、地點（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介詞＋which 表達為介賓結構。
a．I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .
b．That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child .
c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?
○6 在定語從句中，不能再出現指示先行詞的指示代詞。
I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .（√）
○7 注意下面的變化：
a． This is the house(不作lived的賓語) where we lived last year .
This is the house(作lived in的賓語) which/that we lived in last year .
b． This is the day (不作left的賓語)when we left for Shenzhen .
This is the day (作spent的賓語)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .
○8 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
a． 限制性定語從句：是句中不可缺少的組成部分，沒有從句，先行詞意思不明確，主句也不完整，從句主句不用逗號分開。
b． 非限制性定語從句：是主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有從句并不影響主句意思的明確或完整，這種定語從句一般用逗號和主句分開，在非限制性定語從句中，一般不用that。
◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型
1． 英語“There + be + (not)”結構表示“有（沒有）某人或某物”時，there 是無詞義的引導詞，be是謂語動詞，它后面的名詞是主語，兩者再數上必須一致。句末往往有表示地點或時間的狀語。
2． 肯定句：There +(助動詞或情態動詞)＋be 主語＋地點（時間）狀語。
There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .
3． 否定句：There + be(助動詞或情態動詞)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主語…。
There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground inShanghaibefore ./ There won’t be a football match tomorrow .
4． 一般疑問句：Be + there +(any) +主語… ？ / 助動詞或情態動詞 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主語… ？
Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?
5． 特殊疑問句：疑問詞（＋名詞）＋be ＋there + 狀語 ？
How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?
6． 如果there +be 之后是并列主語，應根據離be 最近的名詞來選擇be的形式。
There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .
7． 含有引導詞there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作謂語的結構。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .
