同學(xué)們~ 今天我們來(lái)講講
高考的常考點(diǎn)定語(yǔ)從句!
做語(yǔ)法填空、短文改錯(cuò)、單項(xiàng)填空時(shí)
我們經(jīng)常會(huì)碰到它~
同時(shí),寫作文多用用它
還能多得幾分呢~
SO !定語(yǔ)從句是hin重要的~
認(rèn)認(rèn)真真地做筆記吧!
一、定語(yǔ)從句定義
定語(yǔ)從句指在句子中起形容詞作用的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),它通常跟在所修飾的名詞或者代詞之后。這些被修飾的名詞或代詞被稱為“先行詞”。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫“關(guān)系詞”。關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
常見的關(guān)系代詞包括:that(指人或物),which(指代物),who和whom(指代人),whose(指代人或物)。
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的從句不是完整的句子,缺少名詞成分。
常見關(guān)系副詞包括:when,where和why。
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句是完整的句子,不缺少名詞成分。
以上兩點(diǎn)也是做題時(shí)判斷關(guān)系詞的重要依據(jù)。
二、定語(yǔ)從句分類
限制性定語(yǔ)從句:緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開。這類從句構(gòu)成了先行詞不可缺少的部分,與主句的關(guān)系非常緊密,去掉主句意思往往變得不明確。
例:Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開,起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。這類從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,它與主句往往用逗號(hào)隔開,而且與主句的關(guān)系也比較松散,就算缺少也不會(huì)影響全句的理解。
例:The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。
【注意】非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用關(guān)系代詞which或who、whom、whose等引導(dǎo),不能用that引導(dǎo),如:
Nobody knows his phone number, which makes it difficult to get in touch with him.(which不能改成that)
Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.(who不能改成that)
三、必備知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1.含有介詞的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who,whom, that,which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。
(2) 含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。
2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
與which一樣,as也可以作關(guān)系代詞,但是它的位置比which靈活的多,可以放在句首或者句末(which不能放在句首);意思也更加豐富,可以指代前面提及的狀況或是后面將要提到的情況(which只能指代前面提到的情況)。
例如:
As could be expected, he opposed the idea.正如大家料想到的,他反對(duì)這個(gè)主意。(這里的as不可以被which替代,原因如上)
He is a bit out of his mind,as all those who know him can see.那些了解他的人都能看得出來(lái),他現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)不在狀態(tài)。(這里的as可以被which代替)
3. 關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況
(1) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.
例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。
(2) 被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.
例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。
(3) 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可以用關(guān)系代詞who。例如:
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
王華是我們學(xué)校唯一將會(huì)出席這個(gè)會(huì)議的人。
(4) 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見到的人和一些照片。
(5) 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.
例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?
(6) 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.
例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
4. 關(guān)系代詞只能用which的情況
(1)先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.
例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
(2)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),用which,而不用that.
例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
(3)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.
例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。
5. 幾大關(guān)系詞辨析
(1)關(guān)系代詞
that(指人或物),which(指代物),who和whom(指代人),whose(指代人或物)。
(2)關(guān)系副詞
①when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞time,day,week,year等。
例:We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.
【注意】先行詞為“時(shí)間名詞”,當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用when引導(dǎo),when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)是用which或that引導(dǎo)。
②where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。其先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞:place,school,factory,room等。
例:I live in the room where/in which he used to live.
【注意】先行詞是“地點(diǎn)名詞”,當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用where引導(dǎo),where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ);當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用which或that引導(dǎo)。
例:This is the park which/that they visited last year. (作賓語(yǔ))
③why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用why引導(dǎo),why在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ);當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用which或that引導(dǎo),先行詞一般為reason時(shí),可用for which指代。
例:The reason why/for which/(that) he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.
I don't believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. (作賓語(yǔ))
Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success. (作主語(yǔ))
四、高考定從陷阱題歸納總結(jié)
1. The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.
A. which was B. it was
C. which were D. them were
【陷阱】容易誤選A或B,將A、B中的 which 和 it 誤認(rèn)為是其后句子的主語(yǔ)。
【分析】最佳答案是C,around which were high mountains 是一個(gè)由“介詞+which”引出的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,而在該從句中,主語(yǔ)是 high mountains,around which 是表語(yǔ),所以句子謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)were,而不是用單數(shù) was.
2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”
A. that B. which
C. where D. what
【陷阱】容易誤選 B,認(rèn)為 around 是介詞,選 which 用以代替前面的名詞 hospital,在此用作介詞 around 的賓語(yǔ)。
【分析】最佳答案為C。以上語(yǔ)法分析并不算錯(cuò),但問(wèn)題是,照此分析,此句的意思即為:有沒(méi)有這樣一個(gè)醫(yī)院,我在它的附近可以買藥治我的手傷?這樣的語(yǔ)境顯然有點(diǎn)不合情理,因?yàn)槿藗兺ǔJ窃卺t(yī)院里面治傷,而不是在醫(yī)院附近治傷。此題選 C 的理由是:句中的 around 不是介詞,而是副詞,意為“在附近”;其后的 where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句用以修飾其前的地點(diǎn)名詞 hospital,句意為:附近有沒(méi)有一家醫(yī)院,我可以去治我的手傷?
3. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As
C. That D. What
【陷阱】容易誤選 A,認(rèn)為此處應(yīng)填一個(gè)形式主語(yǔ)。
【分析】最佳答案是 B。as 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
比較下面一題:
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As
C. That D. What
此題答案選 A,it 為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的 that 從句。
4. David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.
A. that B. who
C. as D. whom
【陷阱】此題容易誤選A,許多同學(xué)一看到題干中的such,再聯(lián)系到選項(xiàng)中的 that,便認(rèn)為這是考查such … that …句式。況且,這樣理解意思也還通順。
【分析】最佳答案為C,不是A,因?yàn)樵趕uch … that … (如此……以至……)結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,并且 that 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,若在上句填入 such … that …,句末的動(dòng)詞 like 缺賓語(yǔ)。選C的理由如下:as 用作關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾其前的名詞 boy,同時(shí) as 在定語(yǔ)從句中用作動(dòng)詞 like 的賓語(yǔ),句意為“所有老師都喜歡的一位好男孩”。
有的同學(xué)可能還會(huì)問(wèn),假若選A,能否將其后的 that 視為引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞呢?不能,因?yàn)楫?dāng)先行詞受到 such 的修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 as 來(lái)引導(dǎo),而不用that.
比較下面一題,答案為A,因?yàn)?like 后有自己的賓語(yǔ) him:
David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.
A. that B. who
C. as D. whom
5. The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. that B. it
C. them D. which
【陷阱】容易誤選 C,用 them 代指 the buses.
【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾 the buses.
6. He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.
A. whom B. them
C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易誤選 B,用 them 代指 students.
【分析】最佳答案是A,many of whom gained great success in their own field 為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。假若在many of… 的前面加上連詞and,則選答案B.
比較以下各題:(答案均選A)
(1) He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. which B. them
C. what D. that
(2) He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.
A. them B. which
C. what D. that
7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.
A. whom B. them
C. which D. who
【陷阱】容易誤選 A,認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
【分析】最佳答案是B,這不是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)榭崭窈蟮膭?dòng)詞 invited 并不是一個(gè)完整的謂語(yǔ),而是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞。當(dāng)然,假若在 invited 前加上助動(dòng)詞 were,則是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,答案便應(yīng)選A.
比較:
(1)They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.
A. which B. them
C. what D. that
答案選B,none of them carried out in their work 是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),其中的 carried out 為過(guò)去分詞。
(2)They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them
C. what D. that
答案選A,none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,注意與上例比較句中多了一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞were.
(3)They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _______ were carried out in their work.
A. which B. them
C. what D. that
答案選B,由于兩句之間增加了一個(gè)并列連詞but,使得該句成了一個(gè)并列句。
8.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose
C. which D. that
【陷阱】容易誤選B,認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
【分析】最佳答案是A.與上面一題相似,their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),因?yàn)榭崭窈蟮膭?dòng)詞 seated 不是謂語(yǔ),而是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞,因?yàn)?seat 作動(dòng)詞用時(shí),是及物動(dòng)詞。
9. If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which
C. what D. that
【陷阱】容易誤選A或B,誤這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
【分析】正確答案為D,注意逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,逗號(hào)后是該狀語(yǔ)從句的主句,that 在此代表前文所述的情況,用作主句的主語(yǔ)。
類似地,下面幾道題也選 that,而不選 which:
(1) If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which
C. and it D. that
(2) If you want a double room, _____ will cost another £15.
A. as B. which
C. what D. that
10. She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when
C. how D. where
【陷阱】容易誤選B,機(jī)械地認(rèn)為時(shí)間名詞后必須用關(guān)系副詞when,地點(diǎn)名詞后用關(guān)系副詞 where.
【分析】正確答案為A.在時(shí)間名詞和地點(diǎn)名詞后是否用關(guān)系副詞要看它在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成分。一般說(shuō)來(lái),若用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),用關(guān)系代詞;若用作狀語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系副詞。上面一題中的動(dòng)詞 spent 缺賓語(yǔ),故應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 which或that.
比較下面一題,由于空格后的句子不缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),所以選關(guān)系副詞when:
She says that she’ll never forget the time ________ she works as a secretary in our company.
A. which B. when
C. how D. where
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