定語 定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(動詞不定式短語、動名詞表示的)漢語中常用“……的”表示.主要由形容詞擔任,此外,名詞、代詞、數詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔任,也可以由一個句子來擔任.單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語.短語、從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語.
被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞.如“The man”、“The book”.如“那個穿著西裝的人是我爸爸” 這就是一個定語從句.
代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在從句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分.關系代詞在定語從句中作主詞保持一致.1,who, whom, that 這些詞代替指人,“whom”作賓語指人,'who'和“that”既可作主語又可作賓語(作賓語可以省略),可以指人也可以指物.在從句中所起作用如下:
(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
(2)He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人.(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 你剛剛說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師.(whom在從句中作賓語)
注:who在定語從句中指人,作主語和賓語,作賓語時可省略;whom在定語從句中指人,做及物動詞或介詞的賓語,可省略.2,which、that 用來指物 (用作主語、賓語,作賓語時可以省略),例如:
(1)The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.農村出現了前所未有的繁榮.(which/that在從句中作主語)
(2)The package (which/that) you are carryingis about to come unwrapped.你拿那個包裹快要散開了.(which/that在從句中作賓語)
注:which在定語從句中指物,可作主語或及物動詞或介詞的賓語,作賓語時可省略;that在定語從句中既可指人又可指物,在定語從句中作主語、賓語和表語,作賓語時可省略,指人時,相當于who或whom,指物時,相當于which,作介詞賓語時,介詞不可提到that前,當介詞提前時,需要用which或whom來代替.[1]3.whose (只用作定語)
“whose”表示誰(可以為人也可以為物)的(東西)
關系代詞:在句中作主語、賓語或定語.
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語可省略“that”在從句中作賓語時常可省略關系詞,“which”在從省略.[eg:This is the book (which)you want.]
2. 不及物動詞+介詞”的介詞的賓語代詞“wh”放在它原來的位置.
3. 代表物時多這時的that常被省略;
c)被形容詞最高級修飾時;既有人又有物時;
e)整個句中前面已有“which”,“wh”行
關系副詞:在句中作狀語
關系副詞=介詞+關系代詞
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on which(介詞同先行詞搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/…… which(介詞同先行詞搭配)
1. “where”是關系代詞,當然也不用“that”引導.
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到達倫敦的時候,我們在那里已經待了兩個星期.
I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然記得我第一次見到她的地方.
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都帶來了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他東西.
2. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用“there is”開頭.
There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 這里有人要和你說話.
分作進一步說明,通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立.
編輯本段關系副詞的用法及說明關系副詞why 關系副詞why主要用于修飾表示原因的名詞(主要是the reason),同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語.如:
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我們不知道他為什么沒有來.
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她沒跟我講她拒絕這項工作的原因.
與關系副詞when和where不同,why可以換成that或省略.如:
That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 這就是我請你來的原因之一.
另外,與關系副詞when和where可以引導非限制性定語從句不一樣,why只能引導限制性定語從句,不能引導非限制性定語從句.如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒.
誤:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.關系副詞when 關系副詞when主要用于修飾表示時間的名詞,同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語.如:
There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必須作出抉擇的時候到了.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他們為所欲為的日子一去不復返了.
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期,那時天氣可能會好一點.
注意不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞,就以為一定要用關系副詞when來引導定語從句,同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語,就用when;如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語,而是用作主語或賓語,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等.如:
Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘記我告訴你的時間.
關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語,正因為是用作賓語,所以也可以省略.關系副詞where 關系副詞where主要用于修飾表示地點的名詞,同時它在定語從句中用作地點狀語.
與前面when的情況一樣,注意不要一見到先行詞為地點名詞,就以為一定要用關系副詞where來引導定語從句,同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作地點狀語,就用where;如果在定語從句中不是用作地點狀語,而是用作主語或賓語,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等
關系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作主語.
另外注意,where有時還可用于抽象名詞后引導定語從句.
一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作.
非限制性定語從句 意義:
非限制性定語從句起補充說明作用,缺少也不會影響全句的理解.在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開,
3. 非限定性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,
4. 有時as也可用作關系代詞
5. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用于在從句中做主語
whom指人 注意:關系代詞“whom”在口語和非正式語體中常用“who”代替,可省略.
如果在從句中做賓語,就用“whom”或“who”.
which 、that 通常指人也可指物 在定語從句中做定語,表所有.
“whose”指物時通常以以下結構來代替:
that指人時 相當于“who”或者“whom”;指物時,相當于“which”當前頭有最高級序數詞“all”不定代詞時必須用“that”.
在定語從句中做主語、表語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略.
when指時間 在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用.
介詞和關系代詞 1)介詞后面的關系代詞不能省略.
2)“that”前“Do you”作介詞的賓語,且可以省略.例如:
(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.“that/which”可以省略.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略.
(2)Tomorrow I will bring here 用,如:look for, look after, take care of等.
T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T=正確)
F This is the watch for which I am looking.(F=錯誤)
2. 若介詞放在關系代詞前,關系代詞指人時用“whom”,不可用“who”或者“that”;指物時用“which”,不能用“that”;關系代詞是所有格時用“whose”
(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)
The man famous.
(2)I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.關系代詞 關系代詞(一般情況下)“that”可用在從句做主語,謂動詞的賓語,但是不能做介詞的賓語.
“which”指物,在從句句中作主語;
“whom”在從句中作賓語;
“why”在從句中修語,先行詞通常是“the reason”;
有時“why”也可用“for+which”代替.
例:A doctor who looks after people's health.
主語 謂語 先行詞 定語從句修飾先行詞判斷介詞和關系代詞 方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞.不及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系副詞或者是介詞加關系代詞;而及物動詞后接賓語,則要求用關系代詞.例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
判斷改錯:
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
例. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
,解析: 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語.而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A.
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、賓語時,選擇關系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞(“where”地點狀語,“when”時間狀語,“why”原因狀語).
編輯本段關系詞的選擇只用that不用which 1)當先行詞是或被序數詞,最高級,不定代詞修飾時,關系詞用that不用which.
2)當先行詞既有人又有物時,用that.
3)當先行詞帶有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等詞時,用that不用which.
4)當主句中有who或which時,為避免重復用that.
5)當先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時 只能用that只用who不用that 1)如果先行詞是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one時用who不用that.
2)當先行詞指人并含有較長的后置定語從句或在被分割的定語從句中時.只用which不用that 1)當主句先行詞后有介詞時,用which.This the one of which I'm speaking.
2)非限定性定語從句,用which.
3) 描述句中一般用which.Beijing,which was China‘s capital for more than 800years.
4)those +復數名詞之后,多用which .Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goods which sell best.
5)先行詞本身是that時.注意 1)there be句型中,指人用who指物用that.2)當主句中缺少主語或表語時,用the one.
2)當出現先行詞+介詞時,關系詞只能用whom或which
編輯本段先行詞和關系詞 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (“what”可以用“all that”代替)
但這兩句句子已經不是定語從句了,是名詞性從句.因為定語從句一定要有先行詞,而名詞性從句沒有.將“Whoever”、“what”分別用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后,才是定語從句,先行詞分別是“Anyone”、“all”.An invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C.
此為非限定性從句,不能用“that”修飾,而用“which”、“it”和“he”都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接.況且選“he”句意不通.
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B
英語語法上行不通.
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B
“as”和“which”在引導非限賓語.但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1)importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的語言環境里,有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質.這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業、狀態的名詞.值得一提的是,在這些具有形容詞性質的名詞之后,引導定語從句的關系代詞不能用“who / whom”.
(2)動詞短語先行成分.
這種動詞短語既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式.如果是動態動詞短語,它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動詞“do”和“as / which”一起代替.“do”可以出現,也可以不出現,但不能用其它動詞代替.
(3)句子作先行成分.
這句子可以是整個主句也可以只是主句中的一個從句.有時是連續幾個句子,有時甚至可以是一個完整的故事.
二、“as/which”特殊定語從句在句中的位置.
由于先行成分的構成成分”特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況:
1. 形容詞做先行成分時:形容質的which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后.
2. 動詞詞短語作先行成分時,“as / which”特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后.但是,當從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時,“as”特殊.
3. 句子作先行成分時:“as”特殊定語從句的位置較靈活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后.但如果先行成分是直接引語,“as”特殊定“s”特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規律”、“眾所周知”或“經常發生”等意義的詞語,如natural, known to all, usual等.
4. 有無狀語意要是方式狀語意義,而“which”特殊定語從句則無狀語意義.“as”特殊定四、關系代詞“as”與“which”一詞.如:
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
1). “Which”作主語時,謂語動詞不限,主動被動皆可,只是謂語動詞為被動語態時助動詞“be”省略.
2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語.
3). “as”和“which”在特殊從句中作補語.如:
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝,“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝.
如果先行成分不是主語補語或賓語補語,關系代詞用“which”而不用“as”.如:
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
5.'as'用法:
1).'as'引導限制性定語從句
a.'such.as'
He is not such a fool as he looks.
I have never heard such a story as he tells.
b.'the same .as'
This is the same book as I lost last week.
(區分'the same...as'與'the same.that':兩者都引導定語從句.that從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一個.as從句中說明的名詞與the same修飾的名詞是同一類,而非同一個.舉例:①This is the same pen that I lost. 這支鋼筆就是我丟的那一支.②This is the same pen as I lost. 這支鋼筆跟我丟的那支筆一模一樣.)
c.'as...as'
As many children as came were given some cakes.
2).'as'引導非限制性定語從句
常用句式:as is said above 綜上所述
as is known to all 眾所周知
as is often the case 通常如此
as is reported in the newspaper 如報紙所報道的
6. “which”在特殊從定法
(1)不用that的情況
(a)在引導非限定性定語從句時.
(錯)The tree, which is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b)介詞后不能用.
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2)只能用“that”作為定語如“last,just”修飾時,只用“that”.
(d)先行詞為序數詞、數容詞,又有物時.
(f)先行詞指物,在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”時,“that”可作關系副詞,也可省略.
(h)主句的主語是疑問詞“who /which”時,避免重復要用“that”.
舉例:
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?
這是你在圖書館借的書嗎?
Who that break the window should be punished.
誰打碎了窗戶誰該受罰.
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察.
定語從句只能“that”引導的情況:
1、先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾.
This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.
2、先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾.
The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.
3、先行詞是不定代詞時,如'all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something'
This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.
4.、先行詞既有人又有物時
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
5、先行詞被only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”等修飾
He is the only person that l want to talk to.
6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的問句中,為避免重復,常用'that'
Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
7、“there be”句型中
8、先行詞在主句中作表語,或者關系代詞本身作從句的表語時宜用“that”
“that”在作賓語時可省略.
(五)區分定語從句和同位語從句
1、定語從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關系;
同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內容,是補充說明的關系.
(1)The planeis clear. 同位語從句
2、定語從句由關系代for advice.
(3)The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.
(4)The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.
[定語從句]介詞+關系詞
1)介詞后面的關系副詞不能省略.
2)“that”前不能有介詞.
3)某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的'介詞+關系詞'結構可以同關系副詞“when”和“where”互換.例如:
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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