Ⅰ、 一般現在時
1、概念：1）表示經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, twice a week, on Sunday, etc.（提問用How often）
例：I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
例：The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。
3） 格言或警句。例：Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語是客觀真理也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
2、結構：表狀態 S+ am/is/are+ P （句中有實義動詞不用be）
表動作 S+V原+O （若主語是單三人稱，謂動加s/es。）
3、句式變化：
變疑問，有be把be提到主語前；無be在主語前加do/does，謂動變為原形。
變否定，有be在be后加“not”；無be在主語后加don’t/doesn’t，謂動變為原形。
例： ① They are in the classroom. →Are they in the classroom? Yes, they are./
No, they aren’t. →They aren’t in the classroom
② He often waters the flowers . → Does he often water the flowers?
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. →He doesn’t often water the flowers
Ⅱ、 一般過去時
1、 概念：1）表示在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。
常用時間狀語：yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, just now, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982. at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, etc.
例：Where did you go just now?
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。
例：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
2、結構：表狀態 S+ was/were+ P
表動作 S+V過去式+O （注：句中有實義動詞不用be）
3、句式變化：
變疑問，有be把be提到主語前；無be在主語前加did，謂動變為原形。
變否定，有be在be后直接加“not”；無be在主語后加didn’t，謂動變為原形.
例：① She was in Xi’an last month. → Was she in Xi’an last month? Yes, she was. /
No, she wasn’t. →She wasn’t in Xi’an last month.
② Danny grew a rose just now, → Did Danny grow a rose just now?
Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. →Danny didn’t grow a rose just now,
Ⅲ、 現在進行時：
1. 概念：表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作。
時間狀語：now, at this time, these days,以及有look, listen時。
例：Listen！The birds are singing.
2、結構：S + am/is/are + doing
助動 現在分詞
3、句式變化：
變疑問，把am/is/are提到主語前； 變否定，在am/is/are后直接加“not”。
例：① I am writing a letter now. → Are you writing a letter now? Yes, I am. /
No, I’m not. →I am not writing a letter now. (注：am和not不能縮寫。)
② The boys are playing football. → Are the boys playing football?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. →The boys aren’t playing football.
Ⅳ、 過去進行時：
1. 概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的動作。
.時間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time，at 8:00 yesterday,或有when / while引導的時間狀語從句等。
例：We were having an English class at 9:30 yesterday morning.
I was reading a book while my mother was watching TV.
2、結構：S + was/were + doing
3、句式變化：
變疑問，把was/were提到主語前； 變否定，在was/were后直接加“not”。例：①At that time they were working in the garden. → Were they working in
the garden at that time? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
→At that time they were working in the garden.
② When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. →When he came in, were you reading a newspaper? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
→When he came in, I wasn’t reading a newspaper.
Ⅴ、一般將來時
1. 概念：表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。
時間詞:tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o'clock tomorrow evening, next year, this year, at the end of this term, from now，in ten minutes, in 2025
例：They will do an experiment tomorrow afternoon.
Brian is going to draw twenty pictures at the end of this term.
2、 結構：S +will+ V原+其他
(will 可改為be going to ,當主語是第一人稱時will可用shall)
例：Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you/(Are you going to）be at home at seven this evening?
3、 句式變化：
變疑問，把will提到主語前； 變否定，在will后直接加“not”。
例; She will drive to Beijing next week. → Will she drive to Beijing next week? Yes, she will. / No, she won’t. →She won’t drive to Beijing next week.
★ be going to + V原
表示a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例：What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例：The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
★ be +不定式：表示將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我們下星期六將討論這份報告。
★ be about to + V原：意為馬上要做某事。
例：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確的將來時間狀語連用。
★ 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
★ 用現在進行時表示將來
come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等終止性動詞可用現在進行時表示將來。
例：I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？
Ⅵ、過去將來時
1.概念：表示站在過去看將要發出的動作或者存在的狀態。因時間的參照點是過去的某一時間，常用于賓語從句中,或根據上下文語境確定。
2.結構：S +would+ V原+其他
S +was/were going to + V原
例：He said that he would have an exam next Friday.
Jenny asked who was going to give them a report.
I knew that he wouldn’t move to Japan with his parents next year.
Ⅶ、 現在完成時：
1. 表示：①過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。時間詞：ever, never, already, yet, before, just, recently/ lately(最近)， in the past few years
2. ②或從過去已經開始持續到現在的動作或狀態。 時間詞：for + 時間段，since +過去時間點/從句。（提問用How long）
例：The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
He has learned French for two years.
2.結構：S + have/has + done
助動 過去分詞
3. 句式變化：
變疑問，把have/has提到主語前； 變否定，在have/has后直接加“not”。
例：① I've already written an article. → Have you written an article yet? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. →I haven’t written an article yet.
② Li Ming has lived in Shijiazhuang since 1993.
→ Has Li Ming lived in Shijiazhuang since 1993? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
→Li Ming hasn’t lived in Shijiazhuang since 1993.
★ 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1）一般過去時表示過去某具體時間發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時則強調過去發生的動作對現在的造成影響，強調的是結果。
2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
例：I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子未交，指結果）
He joined the League three years ago. （強調加入這一動作）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
Ⅷ、 過去完成時：
1.概念：以過去某個時間為標準，在此之前發生的動作或行為；或過去某個時間前一個持續發生的動作，即“過去的過去”。 句中必須有過去的某一時間做參照點，常用于在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句中；before, after, by the time, until , when, once, as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句中；或根據上下文語境確定。
----|------------|-----------|---->
過去以前 過去 現在
例：She said （that）she had never been to Paris.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
2.結構：S + had + done
3.句式變化：
變疑問，把had提到主語前； 變否定，在had后直接加“not”。
例：He had finished his homework before he went to play outside.
→Had he finished his homework before he went to play outside.
Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t.
→He hadn’t finished his homework before he went to play outside.
注意：1. had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
2.had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。
評論(1) 3 0
夢澤 2010-02-17
1.現在完成時：
去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成影響或后果
過去某一時間開始并一直持續到現在的動作或狀態
基本結構：主語+have/has+過去分詞(done)
①肯定句：主語+have/has+過去分詞+其他
②否定句：主語+have/has+not+過去分詞+其他
③一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+過去分詞+其他
④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句（have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他）
（1）現在完成時用來表示現在之前已發生過或完成的動作或狀態,但其結果卻和現在有聯系,也就是說,動作或狀態發生在過去但它的影響現在還存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含義是:現在我沒有錢花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含義是:現在桌子已經擺好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含義是:現在仍然很虛弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含義是:現在已在此地)
（2）現在完成時可以用來表示發生在過去某一時刻的,持續到現在的情況,常與for（+時間段）,since（+時間點）連用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注（超重要）：瞬間動詞（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接與for since 連用。要改變動詞
come-be
go out-be out
finish-be over
open-be open
die-be dead
………………
1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容詞”代終止性動詞
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副詞”代終止性動詞
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介詞短語”代終止性動詞
1.“be in/at +地點”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地點”代替move to
常用瞬間動詞變延續性動詞表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相應的介詞
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. havemarried → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
注意： 1.現在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，(如表示過去的時間狀語）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for,since連用.
2.現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問）, just, before, recently,still, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 現在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 現在完成時還往往可以同包括現在時間在內的時間狀語連用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 現在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現在這段時間內重復發生的動作.
We have had four texts this semester.
6.現在完成時的"完成用法"
現在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發生在過去某一時刻并已結束，但該動作對現在產生了影響，與現在情況具有因果關系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關了。(動作結束于過去，但說明的是現在的情況--燈現在不亮了。)
現在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續，因此，該時態只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現在時刻在內的時間狀語(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？
7.現在完成時的"未完成用法"
現在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續到現在，或可能還要繼續下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年，一直住到現在，可能還要繼續住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前，一直延續至今，有可能還要繼續下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導)，或表示與現在時刻相連的時間狀語(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)現在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續性動詞，不可用于終止性動詞，即瞬間完成或延續時間很短的動詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段時間+has passed+since從句
9. 現在完成時常和短語 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時間一直延續到現在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過好多故事書。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區別
gone:去了沒回
been to :去過
been in：呆了很久
11.不能與when連用一般過去時和現在完成時
（ 1 ）、一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式，而現在完成時的謂語基本構成是“助動詞 have/ has + 過去分詞”。
(2) 、一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現在完成時則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段時間的狀語連用。
試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區別：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看過這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強調的是被問者對劇情是否了解；（ B ）句強調的是看這部電影的動作是否發生過，并不強調是否知道其內容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強調的是他做著件事的方式對現在產生了某種影響；（ B ）句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會繼續在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過 8 年，現在已經不在北京了。
（2）現在完成時強調過去發生的動作對現在的影響和結果，而一般過去時與現在沒有聯系，只是說明某個動作發生的時間是在過去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗過了車。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我剛才洗過車了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經澆了花。（不需要再澆了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經寫好了，但還沒有寄出。
I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周寫的那封信，3天前寄出的。
（3）現在完成時表示的動作或狀態延續到現在并可能延續下去，而一般過去時則單純表示過去某段時間內的經歷。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經下了5個小時了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5個小時的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經兩個小時了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個小時，然后就回家了。
I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經復習了兩課。（說話時還在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復習了兩課。（說話時已是下午或晚上）
