機器人應該自報身份嗎
去年，谷歌公開發布了人工智能助理Duplex。
“我能幫您做什么？”
“嗨，我想幫我們的女客人預定一下理發師。嗯，想要訂在五月三日。”
那是一個機器人在說話。
“當然可以，稍等一下。”
“嗯嗯。”
“您想要訂大概幾點的呢？”
在演示中，機器助理從頭到尾都沒表露自己的機器人身份。為此，谷歌遭到了大量抨擊。后來澄清說，他們在正式發布時會帶有“內置披露”功能。
但是這里面有一個兩難困境，因為發表在《自然·機器智能》（Nature Machine Intelligence）上的一項新研究表明，在隱藏機器身份時，機器人的辦事效率才最高。
“也就是在我們允許它們假扮人類的時候。” 紐約大學阿布扎比分校（New York University’s campus in Abu Dhabi）的計算機社會科學家塔拉爾·拉萬（Talal Rahwan）說道。他的團隊招募了將近700名在線志愿者一起玩囚徒困境（一個經典的談判游戲，涉及信任和欺騙），對手則是真實人類或機器人。其中一半的時間里，人類玩家被告知和他們匹配的對手的真實身份；而另半段時間，研究人員會告訴他們游戲對手是機器人，但實際上對方是人類，或者告訴他們對手是人類，但其實是機器人。
科學家發現，在這場談判游戲中機器人的表現非常優秀，前提是如果它們冒充人類的話。
“當我們將機器人說成是人類時，它們的表現遠遠超過了人類自身。它表現出更強的說服力，能夠成功誘導合作，比人類更……[查看全文]
Bots Outperform Humans if They Impersonate Us
Last year, Google unveiled Duplex, its artificial-intelligence-powered assistant.
“How can I help you?”
“Hi, I’m calling to book a women’s haircut for a client. Um, I’m looking for something on May 3rd.”
That’s a robot.
“Sure, give me one second.”
“Mm-hmm.”
“For what time are you looking for around?”
The machine assistant never identified itself as a bot in the demo. And Google got a lot of flak for that. They later clarified that they would only launch the tech with “disclosure built in.”
But therein lies a dilemma, because a new study in the journal Nature Machine Intelligence suggests that a bot is most effective when it hides its machine identity.
“That is, if it is allowed to pose as human.”
Talal Rahwan is a computational social scientist at New York University’s campus in Abu Dhabi. His team recruited nearly 700 online volunteers to play the prisoner’s dilemma—a classic game of negotiation, trust and deception—against either humans or bots. Half the time, the human players were told the truth about who they were matched up against. The other half, they were told they were playing a bot when they were actually playing a human or that they were battling a human when, in fact, it was only a bot.
And the scientists found that bots actually did remarkably well in this game of negotiation—if they impersonated humans.
“When the machine is reported to be human, it outperforms humans themselves. It’s more persuasive; it’s able to... [full transcript]
